;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$BiologicalSubclass (#$isa #$BiologicalSubclass #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalSubclass #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalSubclass "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder.") ;;; #$BiologicalSubkingdom (#$isa #$BiologicalSubkingdom #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalSubkingdom #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalSubkingdom "The collection of biological subkingdoms, the biological taxonomic divisions of organisms immediately below #$BiologicalKingdom.") ;;; #$BiologicalTaxon (#$isa #$BiologicalTaxon #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalTaxon #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$BiologicalTaxon #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$comment #$BiologicalTaxon "The collection of ranked categories accepted by biologists for the biological classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. Includes all levels of taxons. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType and #$OrganismClassificationType.") ;;; #$BiologicalTaxonType (#$isa #$BiologicalTaxonType #$DisjointSetOrCollection) (#$isa #$BiologicalTaxonType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$BiologicalTaxonType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$BiologicalTaxonType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$comment #$BiologicalTaxonType "A collection of collections; #$BiologicalTaxonType contains the classes of organism types (i.e., taxons) that biologists recognize, including #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalPhylum, etc. The naive classes that non-biologists use may be instances of some element of #$BiologicalTaxonType, though often they are not. When they coincide, the commonsense class of organism (e.g., #$Person) is an instance of some #$BiologicalTaxonType (#$BiologicalSpecies, for example). See also #$OrganismClassificationType.") ;;; #$BiologicalTransportationEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalTransportationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalTransportationEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalTransportationEvent #$TransportationEvent) (#$genls #$BiologicalTransportationEvent #$BiologicalEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalTransportationEvent "The collection of processes involving living structures in which objects are transported.") ;;; #$Bird (#$isa #$Bird #$BiologicalClass) (#$genls #$Bird #$Vertebrate) (#$genls #$Bird #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$genls #$Bird #$TerrestrialOrganism) (#$comment #$Bird "The collection of birds; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal, covered with feathers, having forelimbs modified as wings and a beak rather than teeth. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly. #$Bird is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.") ;;; #$BirthEvent (#$isa #$BirthEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$BirthEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$BirthEvent #$MedicalCareEvent) (#$genls #$BirthEvent #$EmittingAnObject) (#$genls #$BirthEvent #$PregnancyEndingEvent) (#$genls #$BirthEvent #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent) (#$comment #$BirthEvent "The collection of events in which one animal (prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant, while the child goes from the #$Embryo life stage to the #$JuvenileAnimal life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment.") ;;; #$BlimpTheAirship (#$isa #$BlimpTheAirship #$ProductType) (#$isa #$BlimpTheAirship #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BlimpTheAirship #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$BlimpTheAirship #$AirTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$BlimpTheAirship #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$BlimpTheAirship "The collection of all dirigible, motorized, lighter-than-air craft (airships). Each generally consists of a gas-filled gas-sack from which a control and passenger cabin hangs (the gas-sack may or may not have rigid reinforcement such as ribs). A BlimpTheAirship flies more slowly than an #$Airplane. They are also called blimps, dirigibles and Zeppelins.") ;;; #$BlueCollar (#$isa #$BlueCollar #$JobAttribute) (#$comment #$BlueCollar "An attribute; an element of #$JobAttribute. Blue collar jobs are those requiring a relatively high proportion of manual/physical labor.") ;;; #$BlueCollarWorker (#$isa #$BlueCollarWorker #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$BlueCollarWorker #$Professional) (#$comment #$BlueCollarWorker "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BlueCollarWorker is a person whose occupation is manual-labor intensive, sometimes demanding physical strength and, in some jobs, considerable skill, practical judgment, and work experience. Types of blue-collar workers include miners, truck drivers, steelworkers, construction workers, agricultural workers, laborers, mechanics, garbage collectors, assembly line workers, janitorial workers, etc. Their jobs may require some specialized training or apprenticeship but don't require a college degree.") ;;; #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice (#$isa #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice #$WaterTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice "A collection of water transportation devices. An instance of #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice is a device for transporting people and/or objects through or over water without getting them wet; thus, instances of #$Rowboat or #$Ship (as opposed to #$JetSki or #$Surfboard or #$Sailboard).") ;;; #$BodilyFunctionEvent (#$isa #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$PhysiologicalProcess) (#$genls #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$BodilyFunctionEvent "The collection of animal activities that are regular bodily functions; examples include: a particular eating event, a particular breathing event, etc.") ;;; #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary (#$isa #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary #$BodilyFunctionEvent) (#$comment #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary "This is the subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent whose elements are actions in which the `doer' is, by definition, a #$nonDeliberateActors. Specializations (subsets) of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary include #$HavingASeizure, #$Blushing, #$Bleeding, #$ExperiencingHunger, etc. Note: if the `doer' of an involuntary bodily function is an #$Organism-Whole, then use #$bodilyDoer to describe its role in the event.") ;;; #$BodyMovementEvent (#$isa #$BodyMovementEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$BodyMovementEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$BodyMovementEvent #$AnimalActivity) (#$genls #$BodyMovementEvent #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$BodyMovementEvent #$MovementEvent) (#$comment #$BodyMovementEvent "The collection of activities in which an #$Animal agent moves a part of its own body, whether consciously and intentionally or reflexively. #$BodyMovementEvent includes subsets such as #$TakingAStep, #$BlockingAPunch, #$Hiccoughing, and #$BlinkingOnesEyes.") ;;; #$BodyOfWater (#$isa #$BodyOfWater #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BodyOfWater (#$LiquidFn #$Water)) (#$genls #$BodyOfWater #$TopographicalFeature) (#$genls #$BodyOfWater #$OutdoorLocation) (#$comment #$BodyOfWater "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of water. Elements may belong to specialized subsets such as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. Examples of #$BodyOfWater: #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea, #$BayOfBengal, #$NiagaraFalls.") ;;; #$BodyPartCollectionFn (#$isa #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$arg1Isa #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$arg2Genl #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$BodyPartCollectionFn "#$BodyPartCollectionFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction, that is, it is a Cyc function which `returns' (i.e., `has') a collection as its value. Here is an example of what it does. The expression (#$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AbrahamLincoln #$Fingernail) returns, as its value, a collection of ten elements, each of which represents one of the fingernails of Abraham Lincoln. In cases where an animal is likely to only have one part of that type (e.g., head, heart, nose, nervous system), it makes more sense to use the function #$BodyPartFn (qv), rather than using this one, getting a singleton set back, and extracting its lone element.") ;;; #$BodyPartFn (#$isa #$BodyPartFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$BodyPartFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$BodyPartFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$arg1Isa #$BodyPartFn #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$BodyPartFn #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$arg2Isa #$BodyPartFn #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$arg2Genl #$BodyPartFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$BodyPartFn "#$BodyPartFn is an #$IndividualDenotingFunction, that is, it is a Cyc function which `returns' (i.e., `has') a single individual object as its value. (#$BodyPartFn DeborahNichols #$Heart) represent's Deborah's one and only heart. That nonatomic term can be used almost anywhere that the term DeborahNicholsHeart could have been used, but this way we needn't reify that other term, and so on. Note that the second argument to this function --- i.e., the #$AnimalBodyPartType --- must be a #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType, that is, a kind of part of which an animal can have only one. If an animal can have multiple parts of that type, such as #$Finger, then use the function #$BodyPartCollectionFn instead of #$BodyPartFn.") ;;; #$BodyPartPosition (#$isa #$BodyPartPosition #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$BodyPartPosition #$PhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$BodyPartPosition "The collection of attributes describing the position of a body part (or a whole body). A #$BodyPartPosition may be determined relative to the body's environment (as with #$Postures) or merely with respect to the body part itself (e.g., #$Flexed, #$Extended).") ;;; #$Boiling (#$isa #$Boiling #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Boiling #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Boiling #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$Boiling "A collection of events. In each #$Boiling, a piece of liquid matter is raised to its #$boilingPoint and is thereby changed from being in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter to being in the #$GaseousStateOfMatter. Note: this is not intended to cover the cases of heat/evacuation causing a solid to sublime directly into a gas.") ;;; #$Book (#$isa #$Book #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Book #$PublishedMaterial) (#$comment #$Book "A form of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject consisting of folded, cut, bound, and usually printed sheets. #$Books are often #$TextualMaterial, but sometimes contain only images.") ;;; #$BookkeepingMt (#$isa #$BookkeepingMt #$Microtheory) (#$genlMt #$BookkeepingMt #$CyclistsMt) (#$genlMt #$BookkeepingMt #$BaseKB) (#$comment #$BookkeepingMt "A #$Microtheory for stating basic #$Cyc bookkeeping information, such as assertions using #$myCreator and #$myCreationTime.") ;;; #$BookkeepingPredicate (#$isa #$BookkeepingPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$BookkeepingPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$BookkeepingPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$BookkeepingPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$BookkeepingPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the creation and internal representation of a Cyc constant. Bookkeeping predicates neither specify nor constrain the semantics of Cyc constants. Examples: #$myCreator, #$myCreationTime, #$termOfUnit, #$multiplicationUnits, #$quotientUnits.") ;;; #$Border (#$isa #$Border #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Border #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$Border "The collection of all lines, linear regions, or dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two regions (i.e., two elements of #$SpatialThing).") ;;; #$BorderBetweenFn (#$isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$CommutativeRelation) (#$isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$BorderBetweenFn #$Line) (#$resultIsa #$BorderBetweenFn #$Border) (#$arg1Isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$GeographicalRegion) (#$comment #$BorderBetweenFn "(#$BorderBetweenFn REG1 REG2), applied to two individual #$GeographicalRegions REG1 REG2, returns the unique entire #$GeopoliticalBorder that separates them. To identify arbitrarily large or small segments of borders see #$formsBorderPart. The border returned by #$BorderBetweenFn may be discontinuous (such the border between France and Spain, interrupted by Andorra), or circular (such as the border between Italy and San Marino), or in abnormal cases it may even have multiple disconnected and nested cyclic fragments (the border between Belgium and Netherlands, due to the Baarle-Nassau and Baarle-Hartog enclaves), or move back and forth periodically (such as at the Isle des Faisans). Nonetheless, (#$BorderBetweenFn REG1 REG2) must denote exactly one object since #$BorderBetweenFn is a function. Reference to nonexistant borders such (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Albania #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica) should cause Cyc to realize that they are undefined. For example, if Cyc concludes that (#$bordersOn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$Albania) is not true, then it should conclude (#$undefined (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Albania #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica)). ") ;;; #$Boredom (#$isa #$Boredom #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Boredom #$Apathy) (#$genls #$Boredom #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Boredom "A state of dissatisfaction, weariness, or restlessness accompanied by a lack of interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Apathy.") ;;; #$BorrowingSomething (#$isa #$BorrowingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BorrowingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BorrowingSomething #$TransferringPossession) (#$genls #$BorrowingSomething #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights) (#$comment #$BorrowingSomething "A collection of events; a subset of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights. In an instance of #$BorrowingSomething, an #$Agent takes temporary control of something, usually with the permission of its owner(s). Generally, the lending agent expects the borrowing agent to use the object for one of its normal functions (#$intendedBehaviorCapable).") ;;; #$BotanicalOrgan (#$isa #$BotanicalOrgan #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BotanicalOrgan #$PlantPart) (#$comment #$BotanicalOrgan "A subset of #$PlantPart, the collection #$BotanicalOrgan includes parts of a plant which are major morphological and functional divisions of individual plants, typically consisting of stems, flowers, roots, leaves, etc.") ;;; #$BottomSide (#$isa #$BottomSide #$RegionType) (#$genls #$BottomSide #$Side) (#$comment #$BottomSide "The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces down.") ;;; #$Brain (#$isa #$Brain #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$isa #$Brain #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Brain #$Organ) (#$comment #$Brain "The collection of all #$Animal brains. An individual #$Brain is an #$Organ which controls most bodily movement, recieves sensory input from the body and objects outside the body, and in which the mind operates, being the locus for all #$MentalObjects.") ;;; #$Brazil (#$isa #$Brazil #$IndependentCountry) (#$isa #$Brazil #$Entity) (#$comment #$Brazil "Brazil throughout time, both political and physical aspects.") ;;; #$Breathing (#$isa #$Breathing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Breathing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Breathing #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$genls #$Breathing #$AirRespiration) (#$comment #$Breathing "A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$Breathing is the collection of #$AirRespiration events in which the respiring organism takes air into its internal #$Lungs, where the gas exchange occurs. See also #$Respiration.") ;;; #$Brittle (#$isa #$Brittle #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Brittle "A physical attribute. #$Brittle is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a substance which breaks easily when subjected to a low or moderate impact or application of force, such as most instances of #$Glass.") ;;; #$BroadMicrotheory (#$isa #$BroadMicrotheory #$MicrotheoryType) (#$isa #$BroadMicrotheory #$Collection) (#$genls #$BroadMicrotheory #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$BroadMicrotheory "The collection of those microtheories that contain so many assertions that they are not useful for `relevance' focusing during inference. (A #$BroadMicrotheory is not used internally in Cyc's indexing scheme during inference.) Examples: #$BaseKB and #$EnglishMt.") ;;; #$Building (#$isa #$Building #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$Building #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Building #$FixedStructure) (#$genls #$Building #$HumanShelterConstruction) (#$genls #$Building #$RealEstate) (#$comment #$Building "A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$FixedStructure and of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$Building is typically a substantial structure and must have walls and a roof, with rooms inside or at least some area designed to be occupied by humans (but not necessarily as a residence). Examples include the Empire State Building, Michael Jackson's house in L.A., King Arthur's castle, an #$AircraftHangar at O'Hare, a #$Lighthouse in the Mediterranean sea, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, etc.") ;;; #$BuildingMaterial (#$isa #$BuildingMaterial #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$isa #$BuildingMaterial #$ProductType) (#$genls #$BuildingMaterial #$Artifact) (#$comment #$BuildingMaterial "A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$BuildingMaterial is a material thing typically used in making new structures. Instances of #$BuildingMaterial include a piece of lumber, a brick, a slab of concrete, a roof shingle, a copper nail, a double-paned storm window, etc.") ;;; #$Bus-RoadVehicle (#$isa #$Bus-RoadVehicle #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Bus-RoadVehicle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Bus-RoadVehicle #$RoadVehicle) (#$comment #$Bus-RoadVehicle "The collection of all buses, transport vehicles for ground transportation of many (they have room for at least 10, probably fewer than 60) people. A bus usually is driven by a professional bus driver.") ;;; #$Bush (#$isa #$Bush #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Bush #$Plant-Woody) (#$comment #$Bush "A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody. The collection #$Bush includes all bushes, i.e., woody plants of branching growth habit that lack substantial trunks and are not usually taller than a person (and they are shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries.") ;;; #$Business (#$isa #$Business #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Business #$CommercialOrganization) (#$comment #$Business "The collection of #$Organizations intended to make profits, i.e., make money for agents that own them. All #$Businesses are #$CommercialOrganizations (they must buy or sell something), but not all #$CommercialOrganizations are #$Businesses. In a franchise #$Organization, the #$parentCompany is regarded as a #$Business, while the #$subOrganizations are merely instances of #$CommercialOrganization. #$Businesses are typically #$LegalAgents, while #$CommercialOrganizations need not be.") ;;; #$BusinessEvent (#$isa #$BusinessEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BusinessEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BusinessEvent #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$BusinessEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$BusinessEvent is an intentional occurrence that is closely associated with, and either helps or hinders, the business purpose of some agent. Examples include: the development of General Motors' business plan for 1996; an individual sales call on a particular customer; printing the 1996 Yellow Pages directory for the Austin, TX, area; selling a newspaper; designing and manufacturing a new memory chip. #$BusinessEvent does NOT include purely social or recreational occurrences.") ;;; #$BusinessPerson (#$isa #$BusinessPerson #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$BusinessPerson #$Professional) (#$comment #$BusinessPerson "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BusinessPerson is a person whose occupation is primarily in the ownership and/or operation of a business.") ;;; #$BusinessRelationshipActivity (#$isa #$BusinessRelationshipActivity #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$BusinessRelationshipActivity #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$BusinessRelationshipActivity #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$BusinessRelationshipActivity #$BusinessEvent) (#$comment #$BusinessRelationshipActivity "A collection of events; a subset of both #$BusinessEvent and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is a (usually long-term) social activity whose participants are related by some business relationship. The social events constituting a #$BusinessRelationshipActivity further, either directly or indirectly, the (usually mutual) business interests of the participants. A #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is typically carried out over multiple social occasions and may consist of many #$subEvents.") ;;; #$Buying (#$isa #$Buying #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$Buying #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Buying #$BuyingActivity) (#$genls #$Buying #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights) (#$comment #$Buying "A collection of events. Each element of #$Buying is an event in which an agent voluntarily pays to acquire something tangible or intangible, or for the performance of a service. Payment may be in money or other exchange of wealth. Elements of #$Buying may include #$subEvents of negotiation, the act of paying, and the transfer of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of #$Buying include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a personal life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market.") ;;; #$BuyingActivity (#$isa #$BuyingActivity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BuyingActivity #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BuyingActivity #$CommercialActivity) (#$comment #$BuyingActivity "A collection of events. #$BuyingActivity very generally includes events related to purchasing goods or services. Each element of #$BuyingActivity is an event that is either (i) a common prelude to buying (i.e., the kinds of activities that contribute to their doers becoming buyers), or (ii) an element of #$Buying itself. Examples of #$BuyingActivity include shopping for, or ordering, something very specific, and also general expressions of interest in purchasing something, such as placing an `Item Wanted' ad in a newspaper.") ;;; #$CGSUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$CGSUnitOfMeasure #$RelationType) (#$genls #$CGSUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$CGSUnitOfMeasure "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$CGSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the CGS (i.e., centimeter-gram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$CentimetersPerSecond, #$CubicCentimeter, #$Gram, #$SecondsDuration.") ;;; #$CalendarAutumn (#$isa #$CalendarAutumn #$CalendarSeasonType) (#$genls #$CalendarAutumn #$CalendarSeason) (#$comment #$CalendarAutumn "The calendar season that begins at autumnal equinox and runs until winter solstice.") ;;; #$CalendarCentury (#$isa #$CalendarCentury #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarCentury #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$CalendarCentury "The collection of centuries that make up the calendar (1900's, 1700's etc.) An example of such a constant in Cyc is #$TheNineteenthCenturyAD ") ;;; #$CalendarCoveringType (#$isa #$CalendarCoveringType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$CalendarCoveringType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$CalendarCoveringType "#$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of collections. An element ?CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that the union of all the instances of ?CC would completely cover all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a #$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly #$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, #$CalendarHour, etc. Notice that #$Monday and #$December are NOT instances of #$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as the set of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow.") ;;; #$CalendarDay (#$isa #$CalendarDay #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarDay #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$CalendarDay #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarDay #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarDay "The collection of days that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is Thursday, August 1, 1996.") ;;; #$CalendarDecade (#$isa #$CalendarDecade #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarDecade #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$CalendarDecade "The collection of decades that make up the calendar; e.g., #$The1970s.") ;;; #$CalendarHalfCentury (#$isa #$CalendarHalfCentury #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarHalfCentury #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$CalendarHalfCentury "The collection of exact half-centuries on the calendar, such as #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyCE") ;;; #$CalendarHour (#$isa #$CalendarHour #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarHour #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarHour #$Date) (#$genls #$CalendarHour #$TimeOfDay) (#$comment #$CalendarHour "The collection of hours that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-minute-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay.") ;;; #$CalendarMinute (#$isa #$CalendarMinute #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarMinute #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarMinute #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarMinute "The collection of minutes that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-second-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay. Sixty of these partition each #$CalendarHour") ;;; #$CalendarMonth (#$isa #$CalendarMonth #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarMonth #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarMonth #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarMonth "The collection of months that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its subsets is #$February, which is the set of all Februaries; one of its elements is February 1992 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), a particular time interval.") ;;; #$CalendarQuarter (#$isa #$CalendarQuarter #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarQuarter #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarQuarter #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarQuarter "The collection of calendar quarters that divide up a calendar year into four parts. For each year, the first of its four quarters includes January, February, and March; the second includes April, May, and June, and so on.") ;;; #$CalendarSeason (#$isa #$CalendarSeason #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarSeason #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$CalendarSeason "This is the set of all calendar seasons. Four of its largest subsets are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn") ;;; #$CalendarSeasonType (#$isa #$CalendarSeasonType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) (#$genls #$CalendarSeasonType #$AnnualEventType) (#$genls #$CalendarSeasonType #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType) (#$comment #$CalendarSeasonType "This is the collection whose four elements are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn.") ;;; #$CalendarSecond (#$isa #$CalendarSecond #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarSecond #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarSecond #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarSecond "The collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Sixty of these #$TimeIntervals contiguously divide up each #$CalendarMinute (qv)") ;;; #$CalendarSpring (#$isa #$CalendarSpring #$CalendarSeasonType) (#$genls #$CalendarSpring #$CalendarSeason) (#$comment #$CalendarSpring "The calendar season that begins at vernal equinox and runs until summer solstice.") ;;; #$CalendarSummer (#$isa #$CalendarSummer #$CalendarSeasonType) (#$genls #$CalendarSummer #$CalendarSeason) (#$comment #$CalendarSummer "The calendar season that begins at summer solstice and runs until autumnal equinox.") ;;; #$CalendarWeek (#$isa #$CalendarWeek #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarWeek #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarWeek "The collection of weeks that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is WeekOf2-14-1994.") ;;; #$CalendarWinter (#$isa #$CalendarWinter #$CalendarSeasonType) (#$genls #$CalendarWinter #$CalendarSeason) (#$comment #$CalendarWinter "The calendar season that begins at winter solstice and runs until vernal equinox.") ;;; #$CalendarYear (#$isa #$CalendarYear #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarYear #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarYear #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarYear "The collection of years that make up the calendar. For example, #$TheYear1972, #$TheYear494BC.") ;;; #$Calm (#$isa #$Calm #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Calm #$Relaxed-Emotion) (#$comment #$Calm "A feeling of calmness or serenity, being quiet and free from disturbance. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm.") ;;; #$Canal (#$isa #$Canal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Canal #$Stream) (#$genls #$Canal #$Path-Simple) (#$genls #$Canal #$PathArtifact) (#$comment #$Canal "The collection of all canals, artificial waterways created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal).") ;;; #$Cancer (#$isa #$Cancer #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$Cancer #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition) (#$genls #$Cancer #$AilmentCondition) (#$comment #$Cancer "The collection of all particular cases of cancer. Instances of #$Cancer may belong to any one of the many different types of disease that are studied and treated by oncologists. Cancer is characterized by abnormal (and usually rapid) growth of cells in some organ or system of the body; these growths are then prone to dispersal (metastesis) into other body regions. See also #$CancerFn --- the expression (#$CancerFn #$Lung) represents a subset of #$Cancer, namely the set of all lung cancers.") ;;; #$CancerFn (#$isa #$CancerFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$CancerFn #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$resultGenl #$CancerFn #$Cancer) (#$arg1Isa #$CancerFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$CancerFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$CancerFn "#$CancerFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It is used to describe cancers according to the part or region of the animal's body in which they are found. (#$CancerFn REGION) denotes the collection of all cancers found in the region of the body, REGION. For example, (#$CancerFn #$Throat) represents the set of all throat cancers, and is a subset of #$Cancer.") ;;; #$Canoe (#$isa #$Canoe #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Canoe #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Canoe #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$Canoe #$Device-UserPowered) (#$comment #$Canoe "The collection of all canoes, small, narrow watercraft that are powered by human paddling, poling or by a small boat-engine.") ;;; #$CapacityAttribute (#$isa #$CapacityAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$CapacityAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$CapacityAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CapacityAttribute is an attribute representing a specific capacity in which an agent does an action. For example, an action might be done as an agent's job (#$JobCapacity) or hobby (#$HobbyCapacity), as its main function (#$MainFunction) or an auxiliary function (#$SupportFunction).") ;;; #$CapitalCityOfRegion (#$isa #$CapitalCityOfRegion #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CapitalCityOfRegion #$City) (#$comment #$CapitalCityOfRegion "A collection of cities. Each element of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is an element of #$City (q.v.) that is the capital of its surrounding region. This includes both capitals of countries and capitals of subregions. Examples: #$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLlasaTibet, #$CityOfColumbusOH (#$FranklinCountyOhio). See also #$capitalCity, #$capitalCityOfThisState.") ;;; #$CaptiveAnimal (#$isa #$CaptiveAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CaptiveAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$CaptiveAnimal "The collection of all animals that are caged, tied, kept in an animal container, or otherwise held captive. There is some intersection here with #$DomesticPet, but not complete. Some elements of #$Person are members of #$CaptiveAnimal, e.g., political detainees, imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims.") ;;; #$Card (#$isa #$Card #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Card #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$Card "A collection of objects; a subset of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each element of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff--usually cardstock paper, but could be plastic or thin metal--bearing some kind of information. Some kinds are folded. Examples: birthday cards, business cards, playing cards, postcards.") ;;; #$CargoShip (#$isa #$CargoShip #$ProductType) (#$isa #$CargoShip #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CargoShip #$Ship) (#$comment #$CargoShip "The collection of all cargo ships, i.e., ships that by design can transport large amount of goods.") ;;; #$Carnivore (#$isa #$Carnivore #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Carnivore #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$Carnivore "A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll.") ;;; #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion (#$isa #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$Translation-Complete) (#$genls #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$Translation-LocationChange) (#$comment #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion "A collection of events. In an instance of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion, one object causes another object to undergo a translational motion. The object causing the motion is the #$providerOfMotiveForce. The object which is caused to move is the #$objectActedOn (and also the #$objectMoving) in the event. One way to cause another object's motion is by carrying it along with one (see the subset #$CarryingWhileLocomoting), but there are many others, such as throwing, kicking, or knocking it away. Examples: a train transporting passengers; a person pushing a coin into a vending machine; the release of a bowstring which propels an arrow; a magnet attracting a nail.") ;;; #$Cavity (#$isa #$Cavity #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Cavity #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$Cavity "The collection of all cavities, #$Crevices or deep concavities or holes, including any cavity of a container, e.g., the interior of a box. Elements of #$Cavity, unlike elements of #$Interior, may include walls as parts.") ;;; #$CeilingOfARoom (#$isa #$CeilingOfARoom #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CeilingOfARoom #$PartOfBuilding) (#$comment #$CeilingOfARoom "The collection of all ceilings of every instance of #$RoomInAConstruction. Note that, unlike walls, ceilings are conventionally considered to be 'one-sided' objects. The other side of a #$CeilingOfARoom may be a #$RoofOfAConstruction, or in a #$ModernShelterConstruction, more probably the #$FloorInAConstruction in another room.") ;;; #$Cell (#$isa #$Cell #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Cell #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$Cell "The collection of living cells; a subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each element of #$Cell is one of the basic structural units of nearly all living things, consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria, and plastids are not composed of cells.") ;;; #$CellPart (#$isa #$CellPart #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CellPart #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$CellPart #$MicroscopicScaleObject) (#$comment #$CellPart "The collection of structures which are typically found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours, microtubules, etc.") ;;; #$Cent-UnitedStates (#$isa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$UnitOfMoney) (#$isa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$Money) (#$resultIsa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Cent-UnitedStates "An element of #$UnitOfMoney. #$Cent-UnitedStates represents the smallest unit of money used officially in the United States of America; one-hundredth of a #$Dollar-UnitedStates. See also #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Centimeter (#$isa #$Centimeter #$UnitOfDistance) (#$isa #$Centimeter #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$isa #$Centimeter #$CGSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Centimeter #$Distance) (#$resultIsa #$Centimeter #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Centimeter #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Centimeter "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the centimeter, a unit used within the Metric system to measure length. See also #$CGSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$CentimetersPerSecond (#$isa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$UnitOfSpeed) (#$isa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$isa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$CGSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$Speed) (#$resultIsa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$VectorInterval) (#$argsIsa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$CentimetersPerSecond "(#$CentimetersPerSecond NUMBER) returns a dimensionless rate or speed of NUMBER centimeters per second. Notice that this result is not presently thought of as incorporating a vector, although it might be modified to do so at some point in the future if this should prove appropriate.") ;;; #$CerealFoodGroup (#$isa #$CerealFoodGroup #$FoodGroupType) (#$genls #$CerealFoodGroup #$FoodOrDrinkComposite) (#$genls #$CerealFoodGroup #$VegetableMatter) (#$genls #$CerealFoodGroup #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$CerealFoodGroup "The food group consisting of grain products such as breads and cereals. Food that contains a significant amount of grain products should be specs of this.") ;;; #$CerealPlant (#$isa #$CerealPlant #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$CerealPlant #$Plant-NonWoody) (#$comment #$CerealPlant "The collection of individual plants like corn, wheat, etc., which bear grains.") ;;; #$ChainOrganization (#$isa #$ChainOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ChainOrganization #$Business) (#$genls #$ChainOrganization #$LegalCorporation) (#$comment #$ChainOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ChainOrganization is a parent business which comes into contact with its customers or clients primarily through its geographically dispersed sub-organizations, which typically are (mostly) homogeneous in product line, style of physical quarters, local organizational structure, etc. Examples include the parent organizations of McDonald's and Midas Muffler.") ;;; #$ChangeInUserRights (#$isa #$ChangeInUserRights #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ChangeInUserRights #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$ChangeInUserRights "A collection of events. Each element of #$ChangeInUserRights is an event in which some instance of #$Agent either gains or loses possession of something. `Possession' means having some right to use a thing that one has in hand or otherwise has access to. Different types of possession (e.g., ownership, rental, borrowings) can be specified by the using the appropriate element(s) of #$UserRightsAttribute (q.v.). Changes in an agent's user rights can come about in various ways: through buying and selling, renting, borrowing or lending, giving, repossession, etc. Some subsets of this kind of change are #$LosingUserRights, #$GainingUserRights, and #$ExchangeOfUserRights; in the latter class, there is an alteration in the rights of two (or more) agents to use two (or more) items -- as in a purchase, when one agent gets full use rights to an object by turning over a sum of money to the object's previous owner. In addition, some changes in user rights are classified explicitly in #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights (e.g., borrowing, renting), while others are permanent. Events that involve such changes in user rights all belong in the collection of events, #$ChangeInUserRights. In any particular #$ChangeInUserRights event, the item which is changing hands is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer.") ;;; #$ChangingDeviceState (#$isa #$ChangingDeviceState #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$ChangingDeviceState #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ChangingDeviceState #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$ChangingDeviceState #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$ChangingDeviceState #$Action) (#$comment #$ChangingDeviceState "The collection of actions in which a device goes from one state (the #$fromState) to another state (the #$toState). A change of #$DeviceState may be due to an outside #$Agent adjusting a device, or it may happen automatically due to the behavior of a device. The two most general state changes (for powered devices) are from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff, and vice versa. Many other states peculiar to specific devices can be identified; for example, the states of a #$Dishwasher: #$DeviceState-Washing and #$DeviceState-Rinsing; or the states that a trapping device may be in: #$TrapArmed, #$TrapTripped, #$TrapIdle. Note that a change in the state of a device is an intrinsic change in the device; i.e., #$ChangingDeviceState is a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.") ;;; #$CharacterString (#$isa #$CharacterString #$StuffType) (#$genls #$CharacterString #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$CharacterString #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$CharacterString #$List-Sequence) (#$comment #$CharacterString "A collection of stuff. Each element of the collection #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note: it is NOT any particular physical, tangible representation; different encodings may represent the characters. An element of #$CharacterString has characters from some fixed character set. The characters are instances of #$Character-Abstract. An element of #$CharacterString may be any length, including zero (i.e., empty strings, which have no characters). If elements of #$CharacterString are concatenated, the result is also an element of #$CharacterString. The length of the resulting string is equal to the sum of the lengths of the concatenated strings. Some types (subsets) of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, #$PhoneCountryCode, etc.") ;;; #$Check-TenderObject (#$isa #$Check-TenderObject #$MoneyTenderType) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$TenderObject) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$Form-StandardizedIBO) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$IDDocument) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$OfficialDocument) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$FinancialAccountTenderObject) (#$comment #$Check-TenderObject "A collection of documents; a subset of #$TenderObject. Each element of #$Check-TenderObject is a financial instrument, drawn on a particular account at some instance of #$FinancialOrganization, which is redeemable for a monetary value by the agent who is the payee. The financial organization pays the payee funds from the account, upon proper presentation of the check.") ;;; #$ChemicalCompoundType (#$isa #$ChemicalCompoundType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$ChemicalCompoundType #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$comment #$ChemicalCompoundType "A collection of collections; a subset of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Every instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType is a subset of #$TangibleThing whose instances are defined ONLY by their chemical composition, and not by their physical state or any other property. In Cyc's current representation, #$ChemicalCompoundTypes can be of two varieties: (1) Collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical composition; this includes (a) the chemical elements -- such as #$Carbon, #$Oxygen, and #$Hydrogen -- which are instances of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (thus, the latter is a subset of #$ChemicalCompoundType), and (b) compounds constituted of more than one substance chemically bonded, e.g., #$Water, #$Caffeine, and #$IronOxide. (2) Substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., #$DNA. Cyc's current theory includes those cases in #$ChemicalCompoundType, though they are arguably borderline. (Future work may require the creation of type collections to identify various levels of chemical specification, such as `exact formula' or `exact structure'.) Note: Collections which Cyc does NOT classify as #$ChemicalCompoundTypes include collections of substances which have some component which is of overriding significance in some context, so that in everyday language such substances are frequently referred to by the name of their important component (e.g., `penicillin' applied to a tablet containing penicillin), but which have significant admixtures of other substances. Our representation distinguishes between the chemical compound (here, instances of #$Penicillin) and the mixture of substances in a tablet containing some #$Penicillin for pharmaceutical use. Thus, #$Penicillin is an instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType, but the collection of tablets containing penicillin and including other ingredients are not. Also, subsets of #$Mixture, such as #$Lemonade, are not instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType, because mixtures are determined by their physical state rather than solely by their chemical composition.") ;;; #$ChemicalObject (#$isa #$ChemicalObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ChemicalObject #$MicroscopicScaleObject) (#$comment #$ChemicalObject "A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$ChemicalObject is an object whose behavior is typically described in terms of its outer cloud of #$Electrons. Subsets of #$ChemicalObject include the collections #$Atom and #$Molecule and #$Ion, the set of chemical radicals, and the set of molecular fragments.") ;;; #$ChemicalReaction (#$isa #$ChemicalReaction #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$ChemicalReaction #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ChemicalReaction #$TransformationEvent) (#$comment #$ChemicalReaction "A collection of events; a subset of #$TransformationEvent. Each instance of #$ChemicalReaction is an event in which two or more substances undergo a chemical change, i.e., some portions of the substances involved are transformed into different #$ChemicalCompoundTypes. The transformations are brought about by purely chemical (including biochemical) means which affect chemical bonds between atoms in the molecules of stuff, rather than by physical means, biological means, or purposeful planning, etc. Examples of #$ChemicalReaction: instances of #$CombustionProcess; instances of #$Photosynthesis.") ;;; #$Chest-BodyPart (#$isa #$Chest-BodyPart #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Chest-BodyPart #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Chest-BodyPart #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$Chest-BodyPart #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Chest-BodyPart "The collection of the chests of #$Animals. The animal's chest is its #$AnimalBodyPart region located between its neck and its abdomen. For people and many other types of animals, the chest is bounded by (defined by, given shape by) the animal's ribcage.") ;;; #$ChordataPhylum (#$isa #$ChordataPhylum #$BiologicalPhylum) (#$comment #$ChordataPhylum "An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the subsets of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus.") ;;; #$ChronicCondition (#$isa #$ChronicCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$ChronicCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$ChronicCondition "A collection of ailments. An instance of #$ChronicCondition is an ailment that lingers or recurs in an organism throughout its life. In some cases, the symptoms of a chronic condition may abate with treatment. The condition may never go away completely. #$Asthma is a subset of #$ChronicCondition.") ;;; #$CirculatorySystem (#$isa #$CirculatorySystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$CirculatorySystem #$StaticSituation) (#$genls #$CirculatorySystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$CirculatorySystem "The collection of all animals' circulatory systems. A #$CirculatorySystem is a system of organs and body parts, found in #$Vertebrates and some other animals, which function together to circulate the animal's blood throughout its body, supplying needed substances to its cells and removing waste products from them. A #$CirculatorySystem is generally composed of #$BloodVessels, #$Heart, #$Spleen, etc., considered as an interrelated functional system of each animal. Note: It generally has a close linkage to the respiration system, as the blood comes in contact with fresh air to divest itself of the waste products it has collected from the body's cells and to acquire new needed substances to take to the body's cells.") ;;; #$City (#$isa #$City #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$City #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$genls #$City #$UrbanArea) (#$comment #$City "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$City is a local human settlement which has its own government. This includes cities, towns, suburbs, villages, hamlets, and townships, as long as they have their own governments. A city government is usually mostly autonomous from the governments of its surrounding regions, rather than being a sub-organization of them.") ;;; #$CityOfBandarAbbasIran (#$isa #$CityOfBandarAbbasIran #$City) (#$isa #$CityOfBandarAbbasIran #$Entity) (#$comment #$CityOfBandarAbbasIran "Bandar Abbas (Bandar-e-'Abbas), a city in #$Iran on the north coast of the #$PersianGulf, near the #$StraitOfHormuz. One of the #$chiefPorts of the country of #$Iran.") ;;; #$CityOfWashingtonDC (#$isa #$CityOfWashingtonDC #$CapitalCityOfRegion) (#$isa #$CityOfWashingtonDC #$CountrySubsidiary) (#$isa #$CityOfWashingtonDC #$Entity) (#$isa #$CityOfWashingtonDC #$USCity) (#$comment #$CityOfWashingtonDC "The present (though not the original) capital city of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, seat of its Federal government, which is located in the specially created Federal district between the States of Maryland and Virginia.") ;;; #$Cleaning (#$isa #$Cleaning #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Cleaning #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Cleaning #$RemovingSomething) (#$genls #$Cleaning #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$Cleaning #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$Cleaning #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$Cleaning "A collection of events. In each #$Cleaning event, dirt (or other unwanted substances) is removed from the #$objectOfStateChange of that event. If a #$Cleaning event is successful, then the #$Dirtiness level of the object will have been lowered.") ;;; #$CleaningDevice (#$isa #$CleaningDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CleaningDevice #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$genls #$CleaningDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$CleaningDevice "A collection of devices. An instance of #$CleaningDevice is any device, manually powered or otherwise, whose #$primaryFunction is to be used in cleaning things. Instances include each #$Mop, each #$RegularWindshieldWiper, each #$FacialTissue, each #$ShoeBrush, each #$ClothesWasher, each #$Dishwasher, etc.") ;;; #$CleaningImplement (#$isa #$CleaningImplement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CleaningImplement #$CleaningDevice) (#$genls #$CleaningImplement #$HandTool) (#$comment #$CleaningImplement "A collection of tools; a subset of #$HandTool and also of #$CleaningDevice. An instance of #$CleaningImplement is any hand-held tool used for cleaning something. Cleaning implements are used in a wide variety of activities and settings; some subsets include the collections #$Mop, #$DentalPick, #$ElectricToothBrush, #$WashCloth, #$FacialTissue, #$ShoeBrush. Many cleaning implements are intended for wiping, scrubbing, or polishing surfaces to remove patches of #$Dirt.") ;;; #$ClimateCycleType (#$isa #$ClimateCycleType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$ClimateCycleType #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ClimateCycleType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$ClimateCycleType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ClimateCycleType is a collection of (extended) events which are weather processes of one type or another. Examples of elements of #$ClimateCycleType are #$TemperateClimateCycle and #$SteppeClimateCycle. Note: in practice, there is little need to create terms denoting members of the collections belonging to #$ClimateCycleType; so long as one just wants to state what TYPE of climate a particular region has, simply use the predicate #$hasClimateType with the appropriate subset of #$AnnualClimateCycle (q.v.). See also #$hasClimateType.") ;;; #$Cloth (#$isa #$Cloth #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$Cloth #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Cloth #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Cloth #$TextileProduct) (#$genls #$Cloth #$FreeSheet) (#$genls #$Cloth #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$Cloth "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Cloth is a piece of textile sheet woven or knitted or pressed out of fibers. Pieces of #$Cloth are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of clothing items, towels, sails for sailing craft, parachutes, draperies, etc. Excludes #$Leather (q.v.).") ;;; #$ClothingAccessory (#$isa #$ClothingAccessory #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ClothingAccessory #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ClothingAccessory #$ClothingItem) (#$comment #$ClothingAccessory "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingAccessory is something that is worn as an accessory with other clothing items. Examples include elements of the collections #$Jewelry, #$Scarf, #$NeckTie, #$Belt-Clothing, #$Suspenders, and suchlike.") ;;; #$ClothingItem (#$isa #$ClothingItem #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ClothingItem #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ClothingItem #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$genls #$ClothingItem #$SomethingToWear) (#$comment #$ClothingItem "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingItem is something that a person wears as a protective and/or decorative covering or ornament. Items of clothing are usually made of flexible materials, such as cloth, leather, or yarn. The collection #$ClothingItem contains primarily individual garments (e.g., elements of the collections #$Pants, #$Shirt, #$Coat, #$Shoe), together with pairs of shoes, socks, and gloves (since each wearer needs a pair). Jewelry, suspenders, belts, etc., are in the subset #$ClothingAccessory. Note: outfits (esp. specialized outfits) made up of several individual items worn together belong to the collection #$ClothingOutfit, which is NOT a subset of #$ClothingItem but IS a subset of the broader collection, #$SomethingToWear.") ;;; #$ClothingOutfit (#$isa #$ClothingOutfit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$ClothingOutfit #$ProductType) (#$genls #$ClothingOutfit #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$genls #$ClothingOutfit #$SomethingToWear) (#$genls #$ClothingOutfit #$Group) (#$comment #$ClothingOutfit "A collection of objects. Every element of #$ClothingOutfit is a group of `coordinated' items that are intended to be worn together; e.g., an instance of #$ThreePieceSuit, consisting of one suit jacket, one vest, and one pair of long pants. Clothing outfits are often sold or provided together as a set; e.g., military uniforms, business suits, scuba gear. A clothing outfit may include some accessories, as well as garments. Cf. #$ClothingItem.") ;;; #$CloudInSky (#$isa #$CloudInSky #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CloudInSky #$CloudOfH2O) (#$comment #$CloudInSky "The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) in the sky over some #$GeographicalRegion (as opposed to being at ground-level).") ;;; #$CloudOfH2O (#$isa #$CloudOfH2O #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CloudOfH2O #$Suspension) (#$comment #$CloudOfH2O "A cloud of particles of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere covering a #$GeographicalRegion.") ;;; #$Cloudiness (#$isa #$Cloudiness #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Cloudiness #$WeatherAttribute) (#$genls #$Cloudiness #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Cloudiness #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Cloudiness "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$Cloudiness characterize the amount of cloud cover at an #$OutdoorLocation. A higher value indicates more clouds or more dense cover. Degrees of cloudiness may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$PartialCloudCover, #$CompleteCloudCover), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The cloudiness of a location can be described with the predicate #$cloudinessOfRegion.") ;;; #$Cloudless (#$isa #$Cloudless #$Cloudiness) (#$comment #$Cloudless "#$Cloudless is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. (#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC #$Cloudless) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has no cloud cover.") ;;; #$Cloudy (#$isa #$Cloudy #$Cloudiness) (#$comment #$Cloudy "#$Cloudy is a #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation which has at least some cloud cover -- this cloud cover not being situated at ground-level (in which case #$Foggy would be the applicable #$WeatherAttribute).") ;;; #$CodeOfConduct (#$isa #$CodeOfConduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$CodeOfConduct #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$CodeOfConduct #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory) (#$genls #$CodeOfConduct #$IntangibleExistingThing) (#$comment #$CodeOfConduct "A collection of microtheories; a subset of both #$Obligation and #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory. Each element of #$CodeOfConduct is a microtheory which contains rules and/or expectations governing the behavior of those agents subject to it in certain kinds of situations.") ;;; #$CohabitationUnit (#$isa #$CohabitationUnit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CohabitationUnit #$Organization) (#$comment #$CohabitationUnit "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$CohabitationUnit is a group of humans or other animals all living together in the same #$physicalQuarters at the same time, whether that be a house, nest, warren, or other dwelling -- loosely speaking, a household. As a default, the cohabitants in the group are assumed to be all of the same species. (See also the more specialized #$comments in #$HumanSocialLifeMt and #$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt.)") ;;; #$Cohesiveness (#$isa #$Cohesiveness #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Cohesiveness #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Cohesiveness #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Cohesiveness "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Cohesiveness represents a specific capacity of a physical object to cohere; e.g., #$RigidlyCohesive, #$LiquidCohesiveness, #$HumanlySeparable. Cohesiveness of objects is indicated with the predicate #$cohesivenessOfObject.") ;;; #$Collection (#$isa #$Collection #$SetOrCollection) (#$isa #$Collection #$Collection) (#$genls #$Collection #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$Collection "The collection of all Cyc collections. Cyc collections are natural kinds or classes, as opposed to mathematical sets; their elements have some common attribute(s). Each Cyc collection is like a set in so far as it may have elements, subsets, and supersets, and may not have parts or spatial or temporal properties. Sets, however, differ from collections in that a mathematical set may be an arbitrary set of things which have nothing in common (see #$Set-Mathematical). In contrast, the elements of a collection will all have in common some feature(s), some `intensional' qualities. In addition, two instances of #$Collection can be co-extensional (i.e., have all the same elements) without being identical, whereas if two arbitrary sets had the same elements, they would be considered equal. As with any Cyc constant, an instance of #$Collection should be created only if it is expected to have some purpose or utility. Moreover, the `best' collections to create are the ones which are impossible to define precisely, yet about which there are rules and other things to say. E.g., `WhiteCat' is not a good element of #$Collection to create, because it's easy to define with other Cyc concepts, and there's not much to say about the collection of white cats; but `WhiteCollarWorker' could be a good element of #$Collection, because it is hard to define exactly, yet there are many things to say about it.") ;;; #$CollectionDenotingFunction (#$isa #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$RelationType) (#$isa #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$Collection) (#$genls #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction) (#$comment #$CollectionDenotingFunction "The collection of all Cyc functions which return elements of #$Collection. Examples: #$SwimmingEventFn, #$PackageFn, #$MoleculeFn, all produce collections when applied to their proper arguments; e.g., (#$MoleculeFn #$Oxygen) returns the collection of all oxygen molecules. Note that (#$genls #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction). Cf. #$IndividualDenotingFunction.") ;;; #$CollectionEvent (#$isa #$CollectionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CollectionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$CollectionEvent #$TransferIn) (#$comment #$CollectionEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$CollectionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are collected from various sources to a single destination via some collection network.") ;;; #$Color (#$isa #$Color #$CompositeAttributeType) (#$genls #$Color #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Color #$SensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$Color #$CompositeAttribute) (#$comment #$Color "A collection of attributes; a subset of both #$PhysicalAttribute and #$SensoryAttribute. Each element of #$Color represents a specific color attribute of some object or substance; e.g., #$GoldColor, #$LavenderColor, #$Auburn , #$Olive-FleshColor. Elements of #$Color are #$CompositeAttributes, since they can vary along several dimensions (e.g., hue, brightness). Indicate a particular object's #$Color with the predicate #$colorOfObject.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Color #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COLOR") ;;; #$CombustionProcess (#$isa #$CombustionProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$CombustionProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$CombustionProcess #$DecompositionProcess) (#$genls #$CombustionProcess #$EnergyConversionProcess) (#$genls #$CombustionProcess #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$CombustionProcess "A collection of events. Each #$CombustionProcess is an event in which rapid oxidation is taking place. These always have heat as an output and often involve emission of light as well (typically, flames). The #$objectActedOn in a #$CombustionProcess is at least partly consumed. See also #$Flammability.") ;;; #$Command (#$isa #$Command #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Command #$Request) (#$comment #$Command "A collection of illocutionary forces. Each instance of #$Command consists of a piece of information contained (usually implicitly) in a communication, and which expresses the speaker's intention to have the listener either carry out the action described in the utterance and/or bring about the situation described in the utterance. The speaker in any given instance of #$Ordering-CommunicationAct presupposes that s/he has the authority to command those s/he adresses. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce.") ;;; #$CommercialActivity (#$isa #$CommercialActivity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CommercialActivity #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$CommercialActivity #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$CommercialActivity #$Transaction) (#$comment #$CommercialActivity "This is a large collection of events. As can be seen from its subsets, it embraces all types of buying, selling, offering to sell, offering to buy, requesting bids, performing services for hire, advertising, manufacturing for sale, etc.") ;;; #$CommercialFishingBoat (#$isa #$CommercialFishingBoat #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$CommercialFishingBoat #$ProductType) (#$genls #$CommercialFishingBoat #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$CommercialFishingBoat "The subcollection of Boat-WaterTransportationDevice that contains all fishing boats, including trawlers, seiners, junks etc. that are marine-life-catching devices, and the main purpose of the fishing is commercial. Note that not all instances of CommercialFishingBoat have to be used exclusively in the ocean--they can also be used in rivers and lakes, etc.") ;;; #$CommercialOrganization (#$isa #$CommercialOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CommercialOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$CommercialOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommercialOrganization is an organization which buys or sells goods or services for a profit. It may also be an element of #$Business or it may merely be a sub-organization of a #$Business entity.") ;;; #$CommercialServiceOrganization (#$isa #$CommercialServiceOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CommercialServiceOrganization #$CommercialOrganization) (#$genls #$CommercialServiceOrganization #$ServiceOrganization) (#$comment #$CommercialServiceOrganization "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialOrganization. An instance of #$CommercialServiceOrganization is a commercial organization which sells its services as its main product (rather than tangible goods), for commercial gain. Some tangible goods may accompany or supplement the main service sold, but only as side products; e.g., some elements of #$HairSalon sell hair care products.") ;;; #$Commissioned (#$isa #$Commissioned #$WorkStatus) (#$comment #$Commissioned "An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being paid on a commission basis for work done.") ;;; #$Communicating (#$isa #$Communicating #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$Communicating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Communicating #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$genls #$Communicating #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$Communicating #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$Communicating "A collection of events. Each element of #$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions--and winning--of the game are focal). Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single, #$MultiDirectionalCommunication). It may be intentional or unintentional. Every event belonging to #$Communicating contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., #$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating, #$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching, #$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g., #$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction). Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket--all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$Communicating #$SENSUS-Information1997 "VERBAL-PROCESS") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Communicating #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COMMUNICATIVE-ACT") ;;; #$CommunicationAct-Single (#$isa #$CommunicationAct-Single #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$CommunicationAct-Single #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$CommunicationAct-Single #$Action) (#$genls #$CommunicationAct-Single #$Communicating) (#$comment #$CommunicationAct-Single "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of information from ONE #$senderOfInfo to one or more recipients; such acts may be one-to-one or one-to-many. Every element of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a transmission sub-event (which is an element of #$IBTGeneration-Original) and one or more reception #$subEvents (which are elements of #$AccessingAnIBT). An element of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. Notes: (1) For exchanges of information between or among multiple agents, see #$MultiDirectionalCommunication. (2) An important distinction is made between elements of #$CommunicationAct-Single on the one hand, and their #$subEvents which are elements of #$IBTGeneration-Original and #$AccessingAnIBT, on the other hand; e.g., #$Speaking and #$Writing are NOT subsets of #$CommunicationAct-Single, but rather are subsets of #$IBTGeneration-Original (because instances of both represent only the generation of information and can even occur without actual communication of it), and #$ListeningDeliberately and #$Reading are subsets of #$AccessingAnIBT, NOT of #$CommunicationAct-Single, because instances of both represent only the accessing of information (even if by default they imply a prior generation of information).") ;;; #$CommunicationConvention (#$isa #$CommunicationConvention #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$CommunicationConvention #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$CommunicationConvention #$MentalObject) (#$comment #$CommunicationConvention "The collection of conventions used to encode and interpret things which bear information; a syntax together with a semantic mapping. Instances include natural languages like French or English, database data formats, and computer languages or idiosyncratic systems of gestures or symbols known only by a small group of people.") ;;; #$CommunityOrganization (#$isa #$CommunityOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CommunityOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$CommunityOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommunityOrganization is a group that consists of residents of a #$Neighborhood or apartment building or condominium complex, and which is concerned with issues affecting the #$Neighborhood or complex.") ;;; #$CommutativeRelation (#$isa #$CommutativeRelation #$RelationType) (#$isa #$CommutativeRelation #$Collection) (#$genls #$CommutativeRelation #$Relationship) (#$comment #$CommutativeRelation "An important subset of #$Relationship. Each element of #$CommutativeRelation is a relationship whose argument order can be changed without changing the value or meaning of the expression; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$bordersOn, #$temporallyIntersects, #$teammates. Most #$Relationships are NOT commutative: if (#$isa EL COL) is true, it is rare that (#$isa COL EL) is also true.") ;;; #$Competence (#$isa #$Competence #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$genls #$Competence #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$comment #$Competence "One of the most general attributes for describing the level of skill with which an agent performs some task. Knowledge enterers will usually want to use some more specific attribute.") ;;; #$Competition (#$isa #$Competition #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Competition #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Competition #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Competition #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$Competition "The collection of situations in which one or more #$Agents are striving to be the sole exemplar of some high value judgement, or the highest value along some comparative or metric scale. Arm wrestling, football, fighting for prey, competitive courting, racing, rodeo events, etc. are examples. See also #$competitionExpr. Note: `striving' may be a bit of overstatement, as sometimes the competitors may even be unaware that a competition has been going on until after it is over, such as the first year a `Best Restaurant in Austin' award is given out.") ;;; #$CompleteCloudCover (#$isa #$CompleteCloudCover #$Cloudiness) (#$genlAttributes #$CompleteCloudCover #$Cloudy) (#$comment #$CompleteCloudCover "#$CompleteCloudCover is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. This attribute describes a location as so clouded over with a uniform layer grey or white clouds that direct sunlight is blocked out. There are no shadows, the shape or exact location of the sun or moon is impossible to identify.") ;;; #$ComplexTemporalRelation (#$isa #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$TemporalRelation) (#$comment #$ComplexTemporalRelation "Instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation are predicates used to interrelate instances of #$TemporalThing in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf) make statements about the relationship of the beginning and/or end of their first argument to the beginning and/or end of their second argument. One can think of this as an interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g., #$temporallyIntersects and #$temporallySubsumes) make statements about the relationship of the entire set of points that is their first argument to the entire set of points that is their second argument. One can think of this as a set-theoretic theory of time.") ;;; #$CompositeAttribute (#$isa #$CompositeAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$CompositeAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$CompositeAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CompositeAttribute is an attribute that is essentially a vector with many dimensions. Instances of #$Color are good examples; colors have intensity, hue, and saturation as independent dimensions. See also #$primitiveAttributeTypes, #$PrimitiveAttributeType.") ;;; #$CompositeAttributeType (#$isa #$CompositeAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$CompositeAttributeType #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$CompositeAttributeType "A collection of collections. Every element of #$CompositeAttributeType is a collection of attributes which is a subset of #$CompositeAttribute (q.v.).") ;;; #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent (#$isa #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent #$MentalEvent) (#$genls #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent is an event that involves both some mental event(s) and an interaction of physical objects. Examples include a news broadcast program, a court trial, inheriting property, writing a letter, a physical examination, a charity ball, traffic on some section of highway during rush hour. Note that this collection does NOT imply that the events which are its instances have doers (see #$doneBy). Subsets of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent whose elements all have doers (or performers) -- and there will be many of them -- should have as a second genls #$Action or the appropriate subset of #$Action (qq.v.).") ;;; #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject (#$isa #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$PartiallyIntangible) (#$genls #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject "The collection of things which have both a tangible and an intangible component -- e.g., people (with bodies and minds), information bearing objects (intangible information encoded on a tangible substrate, such as music on a CD, or text in a book) and so on. Like anything else that has at least some tangible component, each element of #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject exists in time. Our representation allows us to separately reify the tangible and intangible components of an object; this is sometimes necessary (e.g., to state that the age of the Frankenstein monster's mind is x, the age of his body is y, and the age of the new composite is z) but not very often needed --- usually one can just reify the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject and state things about it.") ;;; #$CompositionPredicate (#$isa #$CompositionPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$CompositionPredicate #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$comment #$CompositionPredicate "A collection of predicates; one of several subsets of #$PartPredicate. The collection #$CompositionPredicate contains predicates which are used to relate #$PartiallyTangible things to the substances (pieces of stuffs) which compose them. #$CompositionPredicates are instance-level (i.e, they relate #$Individuals, not #$Collections), although typically they are used in inferences about specific kinds of things. Examples include #$constituents, #$mainConstituent #$solvent, #$solute, #$suspendingFluid, #$suspendedPart, #$atmosphereComponent.") ;;; #$Compressibility (#$isa #$Compressibility #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Compressibility #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Compressibility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Compressibility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Compressibility represents a specific capacity of a physical object to be compressed. Compressibility may be measured with a #$GenericValueFunction. Compressibilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$compressibilityOfObject.") ;;; #$ComputationalObject (#$isa #$ComputationalObject #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$ComputationalObject #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$ComputationalObject #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing) (#$comment #$ComputationalObject "A collection of abstract objects; a subset of #$IntangibleIndividual. Each element of #$ComputationalObject is a syntactically structured form, such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format.") ;;; #$ComputerProgram (#$isa #$ComputerProgram #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ComputerProgram #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ComputerProgram #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$ComputerProgram #$TangibleProduct) (#$genls #$ComputerProgram #$Artifact) (#$genls #$ComputerProgram #$InformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$ComputerProgram "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$ComputerProgram is an IBO, i.e., a tangible object which contains intangible information, namely instructions written in a code readable by some computer system and which are intended for execution by a computer. The tangible component of a computer program may be embodied in the memory of a particular instance of #$Computer (during a particular time), in a static magnetic medium (e.g., a disk or tape), in a hardcopy, even (once upon a time) in a set of punch cards. Again, note that elements of #$ComputerProgram are physically embodied programs, which rightly interpreted yield the information and/or instructions in the program. The elements of #$Algorithm and of #$CharacterString (which are abstract) are NOT elements of #$ComputerProgram, although they may figure in the intangible components of a computer program. See also #$containsInformation, #$InformationBearingObject.") ;;; #$Concave (#$isa #$Concave #$CurvatureOfSurface) (#$comment #$Concave "An attribute of a surface meaning that it is bumped or indented inward. A concave surface has a pair of points which are both closer to a viewer than points on the surface between them. Dependinhg on the context, it may have relatively small subregions which have convexities (e.g. wrinkles, small dents, corrugations) or are flat so long as the overall shape is concave. Saddle-shapes, although convex in certain dimensions, are concave in others and are therefore concave.") ;;; #$Concrete (#$isa #$Concrete #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Concrete #$BuildingMaterial) (#$genls #$Concrete #$ArtificialMaterial) (#$comment #$Concrete "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Concrete is a piece of an artificial mixture of cement, gravel, sand, and (during mixture, pouring, and forming) water. Used widely in construction, pieces of concrete are formed into the desired shape while fluid and afterward hardened into a sturdy, durable material. Examples: bridge pilings, foundations of houses, sidewalks, pieces of IH-35.") ;;; #$Condensing (#$isa #$Condensing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Condensing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Condensing #$Translocation) (#$genls #$Condensing #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$Condensing "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is cooled to (and then below) its #$boilingPoint, changing it from #$GaseousStateOfMatter to #$LiquidStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$ConductorResistance (#$isa #$ConductorResistance #$ElectricalResistance) (#$comment #$ConductorResistance "A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that represents a very low level of electrical resistance. An object having #$ConductorResistance readily conducts electricity. See also #$resistanceOfObject.") ;;; #$ConductsHeatPoorly (#$isa #$ConductsHeatPoorly #$ThermalConductivity) (#$comment #$ConductsHeatPoorly "A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsHeatPoorly is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts virtually no heat.") ;;; #$ConductsHeatWell (#$isa #$ConductsHeatWell #$ThermalConductivity) (#$comment #$ConductsHeatWell "A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsHeatWell is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts heat very quickly.") ;;; #$ConductsSomeHeat (#$isa #$ConductsSomeHeat #$ThermalConductivity) (#$comment #$ConductsSomeHeat "A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsSomeHeat is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object which conducts heat, but slowly.") ;;; #$Confidence (#$isa #$Confidence #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Confidence #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Confidence "The positive emotion felt when one is free from doubt about an event or object from which the agent feeling #$Confidence expects positive contingencies. For example, one might say 'I feel confident that tomorrow it will not be rainy'. Do not confuse this with a personality disposition, e.g. 'Joe is a confident person.' (See #$PersonalityAttribute.) This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$Grief, #$SelfConfidence, etc.") ;;; #$Configuration (#$isa #$Configuration #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$Configuration #$SituationType) (#$genls #$Configuration #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$Configuration #$StaticSituation) (#$comment #$Configuration "#$Configuration is a subset of #$StaticSituation. Each #$Configuration is a static configuration, existing over time, of two or more tangible objects. The #$StaticSituations that aren't #$Configurations are those which don't involve tangible objects; for example, reified relationships among agents such as #$InCustody).") ;;; #$CongenitalCondition (#$isa #$CongenitalCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$CongenitalCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$CongenitalCondition "A collection of ailments. An instance of #$CongenitalCondition is an #$AilmentCondition that is present in an afflicted organism from the time of gestation (i.e. before birth), whether or not it is a #$GeneticCondition. Two example types of #$CongenitalCondition are congenital herpes and congenital heroin addiction. A #$CongenitalCondition may be caused by behavior of the mother during pregnancy. Birth defects (such as having an extra toe) are #$CongenitalConditions. Injuries sustained during the delivery itself are not #$CongenitalConditions. Thus if forceps are used and the infant is scarred, brain-damaged or killed as a result, the situation is not an element of this collection.") ;;; #$ConnectedPathSystem (#$isa #$ConnectedPathSystem #$Collection) (#$genls #$ConnectedPathSystem #$Thing) (#$comment #$ConnectedPathSystem "The collection of all connected #$PathSystems that are not in separate pieces. For any different points X and Y in such a system SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS that both X and Y are on. Another way to put this is that SYS is an instance of #$ConnectedPathSystem iff for any different points X and Y in SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS) holds. Note that according to this definition, a connected path system does not have to contain a link--a path system containing a single node will be a connected path system. If a connected path system contains a link, nevertheless, every two different points must be connected by a path. Note also that because of our treatment of path (see #$pathInSystem) and our restriction of points in SYS that are not nodes (see #$nodeInSystem), that there is a path between every two points in SYS is equivalent to that there is a path between every two nodes in Sys.") ;;; #$ConnectingTogether (#$isa #$ConnectingTogether #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$ConnectingTogether #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ConnectingTogether #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$ConnectingTogether #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$ConnectingTogether "A collection of events. In a #$ConnectingTogether event, two or more tangible things get connected together by means of some sort of connector or fastener. Some specializations of this include welding, buckling-up, using nailing, tying-up, etc. #$ConnectingTogether need not be a spec of #$Movement-TranslationEvent since two objects being connected may be already at rest with each other.") ;;; #$ConnectionPredicate (#$isa #$ConnectionPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$ConnectionPredicate #$CotemporalPredicate) (#$comment #$ConnectionPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ConnectionPredicate is a predicate that specifies physical connections between objects. Examples: #$nailedTo, #$rivetedTo, #$connectedTo-Rigidly, #$rotationallyConnectedTo, #$hangsFrom, #$in-Embedded.") ;;; #$Connector (#$isa #$Connector #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Connector #$NonPoweredDevice) (#$comment #$Connector "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$Connector is a device which connects two objects. A connector (or part of it) may be a part incorporated into one or both of the objects connected, or a connector may be a totally separate device. Examples include elements of the collections #$ButtonTheFastener, #$Staple, #$Nail, and many more.") ;;; #$Constructing (#$isa #$Constructing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Constructing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Constructing #$MakingSomething) (#$comment #$Constructing "A collection of events. In each #$Constructing event, one or more #$ConstructionArtifacts, such as a house, are made or incrementally enlarged or remodeled.") ;;; #$ConstructionArtifact (#$isa #$ConstructionArtifact #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ConstructionArtifact #$Artifact) (#$genls #$ConstructionArtifact #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$ConstructionArtifact "A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each element of #$ConstructionArtifact is a structure designed and built by humans. This collection includes buildings and parts of buildings, as well as things like dams, railroad lines, and roads. Examples: the #$RomanColiseum, the #$ArcDeTriomphe, #$HooverDam, the #$WorldTradeCenter, #$HollyWoodBowl. For further information, see #$FixedStructure, an important subset.") ;;; #$ConstructionCompany (#$isa #$ConstructionCompany #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ConstructionCompany #$Business) (#$genls #$ConstructionCompany #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$comment #$ConstructionCompany "A collection of businesses. An element of #$ConstructionCompany is a business whose #$MainFunction is constructing buildings, houses, dams, roads, bridges, or other large structures.") ;;; #$Consultant (#$isa #$Consultant #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Consultant #$BusinessPerson) (#$genls #$Consultant #$Professional) (#$comment #$Consultant "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Consultant works with some business in a consulting capacity. Consultants can be self employed, or they can work for a consulting company.") ;;; #$ConsumableProduct (#$isa #$ConsumableProduct #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$ConsumableProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$ConsumableProduct #$TangibleProduct) (#$comment #$ConsumableProduct "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$ConsumableProduct is a product of which any portion can be used only once. A portion of a #$ConsumableProduct is `used up', i.e., destroyed or transformed into an unusable or waste form, during normal use. Note: `consumable' here does mean necessarily consumed by mouth; the consumption may be any use of the product.") ;;; #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink (#$isa #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$DirectedTranslation) (#$genls #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink "A collection of events. Each element of #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a person or other animal ingests some portion of food or drink through its mouth. This collection generically covers eating or drinking, by a single person, of a meal- or snack-sized portion of food. For more detail, see the subsets #$EatingEvent and #$DrinkingEvent. For eating or drinking with a social group, see #$HavingAMeal. Note: #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink does NOT include intravenous infusion of nutrients or chewing of gum.")